2014年6月29日 星期日

以類神經網路判別台灣沿近海漁船VDR資料庫之作業狀態



隨著漁船監控系統(Vessel monitoring system)普遍被應用於各種漁業之漁船,漁船船位資訊(vessel position information)被運用於估計努力量、漁獲狀況,並成為漁船管理之利器。我國沿近海漁船數量總數接近二萬艘,其動態不易掌控,自 2007 年農業委員會漁業署開始要求該等漁船安裝漁船航程記錄器(Voyage Data Recorder,VDR),使得漁船作業位置得以被掌握。本研究目的希望將龐大的VDR資料,能夠正確轉換為有效努力量,作為未來漁業動態分析與漁業管理之用。本研究以 2011年台灣沿海60 艘漁船(包含延繩釣、拖網、扒網等漁法)VDR資料庫以及對應之漁獲報表資料,利用類神經網路(Artificial Neural Network,ANN)為分析工具,採用 MATLAB軟體,於樣本船中挑選確實作業之作業時間、日期相對應的VDR 資料庫作訓練資料庫、將速度、航向、加速度、漁業別等列為可能變數,調整神經網路參數(主要包含神經元數量、訓練次數、均方差極值)以達到性能最佳化,並分析各項漁業的作業模式。主要目標有二,一為判斷各VDR紀錄點的作業狀態,另一為判斷各航次的作業漁法為何。結果顯示在參數上神經元最佳為3個、均方差極值最佳值為0.02,訓練次數差異不大。而在判斷作業狀態的結果顯示,拖網作業狀態的判別率為77%-90%,扒網作業判別率為88%,延繩釣判別率為77%-90%。在漁法判別上拖網為69%-91%,扒網為72%,延繩釣為53%-90%差異最大。使用類神經網路在判別作業點的準確度有不錯的正確率,但在漁法判別上則出現較大差異。這三種漁業的作業模式分析顯示,延繩釣ct0ct1實際作業時間比例為67%ct260%,拖網ct280%ct385%ct474%,扒網ct350%。在不同時間間隔上,判斷作業狀態部分,CT2以上漁船可採用30分鐘一筆,可獲得足夠準確度,且可省去計算時間,CT2以下選擇3分鐘一筆較佳,可獲得較精準的結果。未來如能持續針對參數進行最佳化設置及取得更準確的資料來源,甚至獲得觀察員資料,可增加辦別的可信度。

關鍵字: 漁船監控系統,漁船船位資訊,船航程記錄器,類神經網路,延繩釣,拖網,扒網




ABSTRACT

Along with the VMS (vessel monitoring system) has been implemented in many fisheries, vessel position information were used in estimating effective effort and catch and become one of the best tools for vessel management. There are around twenty thousand fishing vessels operating in coastal and offshore waters of in Taiwan. It’s difficult to monitor their fishing activities. Since 2007, it is mandatory for the vessels to install VDR (voyage data recorder) under the request of Fisheries Agency, Council of Agriculture. VDR data provide real fishing positions for those fleets. This research aims to identify the efforts efficiently through VDR data for management purposes. Sixty vessels’ VDR data, including 28 longline,14 trawl vessels, and 8 Taiwanese purse seiners. Their logbooks and VDR data were used for analysis. The Matlab is applied for using ANN(Artificial Neural Network) for identify fishing effort. The fishing time, date and correspondent logbook were selected as training database. The speed, degrees, heading, acceleration, types of fisheries are selected as variables and the parameters (number of neurons, training frequency, mean squared error) would be adjusted to maximize the performance, and explored for the fishing pattern. There are two objectives of this study, to identify the vessel operating status and gear types used in each voyage. The results showed the best number of neurons is 3, mean squared error is 0.02, training frequency have no significant differences. The correct rates for longline fishery were 77%-90% ,77-90% for the trawl fishery have,and 88% for the Taiwanses seine fishery. For gear type identification, 52%-90% of longline fishery,69%-91% trawl fishery, and 72% Taiwanese seine fishery could be identificed correctly. The results showed the fishing time were 67%, 67%, 60% for CT0 to CT2 longline fishery vessels respectively, and 80%, 85%, 74% for CT2 to CT4 trawl vessels respectively. It is suggested to use 30 min frequency data to identifying fishing status for vessels larger than CT2. It would have good performance and time saving. As for vessels smaller than CT2, three min interval would be needed. In conclusion, there is good performance for predicting fishing operations with ANN, but in gear identify needs to be improved. Continue to test for best parameters and collect more information, such as observers data could be useful to increase the correct rate.
Keyword: vessel monitoring system, Voyage data Recorder, Artificial Neural Network, long-line, trawl, Taiwanses seine

台灣北部港區垂釣行為研究

全球休閒漁業人口逐年成長,美國、加拿大等國開始進行全國性調查,並採取限制漁獲量、努力量等管理措施,以確保資源永續。有鑑於臺灣沿岸及港口垂釣人口日益增加,各縣市政府依據相關法規於漁港劃定特定區域開放垂釣。本研究自20137月至20146月於新北市10處和基隆市5處漁港垂釣區等15處漁港進行73次調查,回收408份問卷。結果顯示96.81 %的釣友為男性,多數來自於新北市(50.98%),平均年齡為45.92±11.50,平均年資為22.95±13.78,在受訪釣友中有職業型28.92%、運動型61.76%、遊憩型9.31%推估臺灣北部港區全年垂釣人次為112,114±58,877人次,平均漁獲率1.769±0.249,總垂釣努力量達528,757±8,796小時,平均每人次花費4.72個小時,全年總漁獲量49.14±1.57公噸(983,163±20,926)。漁獲部分,共記錄31392,896尾,推估全年總垂釣數達65644尾,主要物種為臭肚魚(長鰭藍子魚,籃子魚科,Siganidae),約佔63.64%(1843),平均體長為11.45±5.59cm,小於成熟體長,另一指標物種為鸚哥魚,約佔1.14%(33),平均體長為22.08±7.70cm,大於成熟體長。針對管理方面,超過半數(57.41%)釣友認同應攜帶安全設備,然實際穿戴比例(2.94%)低,顯示釣客安全意識不足。超過半數(69.36%)釣友認同自身是港區垃圾製造來源之一,多數(70.59%)認為應設置垃設桶,82.11%希望強化港區環境清潔。69.12%的釣友希望能開放更多港區或增加現有港區的垂釣空間。本研究係首次調查臺灣北部港區垂釣行為並建立釣獲魚類資料庫,並參酌釣友建議,提供主管機關作為港區管理及規劃之參考。

關鍵字:港區垂釣、休閒漁業


Recreational fisheries population is increasing, many developed countries, including the United States, Canada have conducted a national survey and take conservation measures such as catch and effort limit. In view of the increasing angling population in Taiwan coastal and harbor areas, local governments designated specific angling areas in fishing ports in accordance with relevant regulations. This study conducted 73 surveys and 408 questionnaires in 10 fishing ports in New Taipei City and 5 fishing port in Keelung from July 2013 to June 2014. The results showed that 96.81% of the anglers were male, most came from New Taipei City (50.98%), and the average age was 45.92 ± 11.50 years, fishing experience averaged 22.95 ± 13.78 years. Among anglers, 28.92% were professionals, 61.76% were sports type and 9.31% were recreationals. The estimated numbers of anglers was 112,114 ± 58,877, the average catch rate was 1.769 ± 0.249 (fish/tip/hour), the total angling effort were 528,757 ± 8,796 hours, average time length was 4.72 hours per time. the annual catch was 49.14 ± 1.57 tonnes (983,163 ± 20,926 fish). There were 31 families, 39 species and 2,896 fish were recorded. The estimated total number was 65644 fish. The major species was Siganus canaliculatus, accounting for 63.64% (1843 fish), average length was 11.45 ± 5.59cm, less than mature length, and estimated average weight was 33.84 ± 53.44 g. Another indicator species is Chlorurus sordidus. Accounting for 1.14% (33fish, 37,127.86 g, 35.57%), average length of 22.08 ± 7.70 cm, more than mature length. For the management, more than half (57.41%) agreed that anglers should carry safety equipment. However, the proportion of actual wear proportion (2.94%) was lower. It is showed that lack of safety awareness. More than half (69.36%) agreed anglers was one of the source for harbor debris. Majority (70.59%) suggested that there should set more trash cans. There are 82.11% hopes to strengthen the port environment. 69.12% of anglers expected the governments could open more ports or increase the existing fishing ports area for angleing. This study is the first survey of angling activities in fishing ports of northern Taiwan. A database for angleing fish species is established for management. In addition, the opinions of anglers were provided for the competent authority for further management.

Keywords: angling, fishing port, recreational fisheries

2014年6月17日 星期二

「我們的海洋」-美國帶頭暢談全民如何保護海洋 Our Ocean Conference, June 16-17 2014

美國國務院於2014616-17日於華府舉辦「我們的海洋」研討會
http://ourocean2014.state.gov/
研討會由國務卿凱瑞開幕,說明海洋對於人類的重要性,
吉里巴斯總統Anote Tong則從島國的立場,告訴世人吉里巴斯面對氣候變遷、海平面上升的因應,並且宣布將擴大海洋保護區、禁止商業捕撈的範圍。知名影星李奧納多狄卡皮歐以非政府組織身分發言,體認海洋生態系的重要,代表其基金會捐款七百萬美元,贊助相關研究。
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oSidH375lc

歐巴馬總統則於會議第二天視訊宣布將擴大太平洋夏威夷群島的海洋保護區,預計從八萬七千平方英里增加到七十八萬二千平方英里,不僅使其成為全球最大的海洋保留區,此舉也將使全球海洋保護區的面積加倍。
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTLDfGQKxA0


而此次會議主要討論三項海洋重要危機與因應,以下概述三項議題之重要性以及大會建議之解決方案:

議題一  永續漁業

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XebvPAkDJu8&feature=youtu.be

本議題由美國海洋大氣總署Eileen Sobeck主持,討論海洋資源系群的現況,由相關學者專家演講全球魚類的豐度趨勢與永續、國際趨勢,並討論三大洋海洋資源管理狀況。
有關永續漁業之所以被視為首要任務,原因在於海洋提供百萬人的經濟以及食物來源,有超過五千萬人以漁業為生,特別是許多開發中國家。有超過三十億的貧窮以及開發中國家民眾更以此為主要蛋白質來源,益發凸顯海洋資源對於全球糧食安全的重要性。然而,海洋資源的永續也面臨極其嚴苛的挑戰,因應人口成長造成的糧食需求,使得海洋資源下降趨勢更為明顯,聯合國糧農組織2014年最新評估認為已經有29%的海洋漁業資源面臨過度捕撈,有61%需要嚴格管控管理以避免滅絕,特別是雖然有些分布較區域性的資源可以仰賴單一國家保育,但有許多資源需要國際合作保育,這是與其他資源不同之處,正是永續漁業的最大挑戰之一。
過度捕撈不僅會影響海洋生態,長期而言也會導致資源枯竭、衝擊糧食來源以及生計需求,甚至漁撈作業會衝擊到其他物種,包括鯨豚;海鳥、海龜以及被丟棄的非目標物種。偏偏相關漁業資訊蒐集困難,而就算擁有較充裕的漁業資料以及資源評估結果,往往管理措施也未必遵循科學建議。再加上非法、虛報、不受管制的各種漁撈行為層出不窮,這種情況在開發中國家更為嚴重。許多政府不當的補貼更加劇過漁行為或者是過度的投資,這些都使得漁業資源狀況雪上加霜。
研討會目的在於檢討如何減少過度漁撈,其次,對於兩個以上國家共用的海洋資源,必須思考如何強化區域性漁業組織重視科學評估結果去制定漁業管理政策,並且能充分運用各種工具、合宜的處分措施,確實督導。這部分需要政府、民間、公民社會共同合作、引進新工具,才能夠達成,絕非單一單位能成功。再者,如何透過媒體宣導,喚起民眾保育海洋的意識非常重要。公民團體的倡議也有助於建立彼此的橋樑。
具體目標與行動:
  目標:終結海洋過漁
  採納最佳的科學證據,設定漁業管理規範,建立公平公開公正的漁獲分配機制
  採取適當技術監控漁船動態以及適度處分措施
  終止不當漁業補貼,以避免過度捕撈以及過多漁船
  改良漁具,並要求漁船採取相關措施減少意外捕獲以及漁獲丟棄,以減少對於海洋生態的衝擊。
  建立更多海洋保護區,特別是對於瀕危物種的棲地
  阻絕非法漁業,包括利用各式工具,包括國際法阻絕非法漁獲進入市場、履行港口國規範協定、在2020年前改善所有大型漁船的追蹤方式,例如採用國際海事組織單一序號
  利用消費者海鮮指南等行銷工具,讓民眾選擇永續型海鮮,以推動永續漁業
  把魚類視為海洋生態與漁業管理的重要環節

議題二 海洋汙染

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0a5MADQuxBU&noredirect=1

由聯合國環境署Jackie Alder 報告,說明目前海洋垃圾的問題,對於經濟、野生動物與人類健康的衝擊,以及如何經由公民參與以減少塑膠汙染。
海洋佔地球面積將近四分之三,沿海人口快速成長的情況下對於海岸及海洋都是很大的衝擊。也導致各種汙染破壞海洋環境並對生物造成威脅。許多人們開始從地區性、國際性層面嘗試改善,但還有許多需要努力。因為海洋汙染來自陸地、海洋、空中,估計陸源汙染佔了80%,最主要的兩種是營養鹽汙染與海洋廢棄物。營養鹽可能來自農業用水、汙水排放,因為高濃度的氮化物、磷化物以及其他營養鹽,容易導致藻華,而這些藻類因為大量繁生導致耗氧量過高,往往會造成缺氧(俗稱死亡區),連帶導致魚類等海洋生物大量死亡。此類全球死亡區估計有五百處,而有毒的藻華更可能造成漁業以及海洋觀光遊憩業等經濟重大損失
至於海洋廢棄物,來自各式垃圾以及進入大海的土壤,同樣會威脅海洋生物以及棲地,損害人類的安全與健康,在這些垃圾當中,有相當高比例是瓶裝、塑膠,這些垃圾均可能在沿海地區垃圾會造成安全威脅。但因為海洋垃圾可能來自暴風雨、不當垃圾處置、船舶及海上平台以及一般民眾丟棄等非常多樣化的來源,因此清除困難。想解決此問題,不僅需要政府,也需要相關企業、民眾的認知與參與。

具體目標與行動:
l  以海洋垃圾來說,必須思考如何加強垃圾收集與處理、提高回收率。
l  營養鹽汙染,如何提高肥料使用率、污水排放管理等值得努力的方向。
l  讓上下游相關汙染來源者了解有關汙染物對於海洋環境、人類健康以及經濟發展的衝擊性,
l  增加營養鹽汙染物的監控能力,以了解、預測、預防有害藻華的發生,避免死亡區的衍生。
l  2025年前,減少20%的陸源營養鹽,以減少藻華發生機率。
l  加強海洋垃圾的管理與回收,特別是從源頭減少塑膠廢棄物、塑膠微粒。
l  採取管理措施,降低漁具流失數量。
l  設定汙水與海洋垃圾減量之量化目標
l  將沿海生態區視為緩衝去,以清理海岸污染物做起。

議題三 海洋酸化

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tvesAofE2Q

本議題由Woods Hole 海洋研究所Scott Doney主持,主要由各國科學家分享海洋酸化之因應經驗,相對於永續漁業問題的急迫性,氣候變遷對於人類的影響相對顯而易見,但間接造成的海洋酸化的影響深遠卻容易被忽略。在此以挪威、香港、泰國、紐西蘭、庫克群島及祕魯等國為例,實際見證海洋酸化可能造成的影響,並探討如何監控海洋酸化的問題以及因應解決之道。
海洋在氣候調節、碳循環等扮演重要腳色,然因為工業化導致人類排放過量二氧化碳,被海洋大量吸收之後造成海水酸化,而且酸化速度越來越快。酸化可能衝擊海洋生物的成長、行為甚至存活,例如牡蠣、珊瑚礁等等重要生物,間接影響海洋中的食物鏈,只是,雖然人們開始體悟到對於海洋酸化議題需要國際合作,但對於海洋酸化及其衝擊的了解仍相當有限,甚至很多國家或地區尚未建立監控系統,更多國家的民眾對此沒有認識,目前還是先從二氧化碳排放量做起。

具體目標與行動
針對此新興議題,必須從引進新工具、監控變化以及研究做起,可以包括:
l   提升海洋酸化之公共意識以及教育
l   增加海洋酸化之國際研究合作
l   2020年之前履行全球海洋酸化網路(Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network),建立平價、可靠、高效率的全球量測海洋酸化監控系統
l   發展創新夥伴關係,在重點區域於相關企業、社區辦理教育工作坊,
l   保護重要海岸地區,包括海草床;鹽沼、紅樹林等除碳棲地
l   減少二氧化碳排放量避免海洋繼續酸化,包括在聯合國氣候變遷公約框架下通過新協定。

最後,引用2014422-25的全球海洋高峰會的成果,提醒世人如何採取下一階段的作為,帛琉總統、智利、挪威、東加等國外長也共同表達將致力於設立海洋保護區,希望在2020年前將10%的海岸、海洋設定為有效的海洋保護區、打擊非法漁業等等。為了讓民眾也能對海洋保護盡一份心力,大會建議每個人可以從以下做起:
·  我會讓國家以及地方首長知道,我認為保護海洋很重要
·  我會要求我吃的海鮮來自永續漁業
·  我不吃魚翅湯
·  我不往海洋或水道丟垃圾
·  我每年至少做一天義工去清淨海灘


對應於美國在此會議對於海洋的付出,有許多值得台灣學習之處,包括如何強化漁業管理、整合相關單位努力以降低海洋垃圾汙染,乃至於尚無人關注之海洋酸化,都值得投入更多心力。

Our Ocean Conference

本周,美國國務院召開一個高峰會性質的海洋研討會
http://ourocean2014.state.gov/
國務卿開幕,請來多國總理,包括吉里巴斯等島國,
有大明星李奧納多致詞,
http://time.com/2890285/leonardo-dicaprio-state-department-ocean-conservation/
因為他的基金會捐了七百萬美元
"is there anything we could do, please let us know~~"
(13 min 的演講,下次拿來當海洋事務總論課程的"英聽"考題)

會中只談三件事: 永續漁業、海洋汙染、海洋酸化

然後,歐巴馬總統宣布將太平洋海洋保護區放大十倍
http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-will-propose-vast-expansion-of-pacific-ocean-marine-sanctuary/2014/06/16/f8689972-f0c6-11e3-bf76-447a5df6411f_story.html

http://newtalk.tw/news/2014/06/17/48365.html

心得是,要玩,就玩真的~~~
worldwide leadership~~~
meaningful marine reserve~~~

2014年6月12日 星期四

Next Step of Taiwan OHI- proposal of Janet


海洋占地球面積70%以上,全球超過半數人口生活在海岸帶及其附近區域,身為四面環海、海洋立國的臺灣,海洋滿足臺灣在水產品永續、確保漁業就業機會、海洋經濟與工作、觀光遊憩等項目,但我們是否了解台灣海洋目前的狀況?2012年國際間運用海洋健康指數(Ocean health index, OHI)綜合評估各國家/地區海洋環境的永續與否,本研究參考與應用全球海洋健康指數的框架,蒐集臺灣各項海洋相關資訊,嘗試建立適用於台灣的指數,從海洋環境、生態、社會、經濟、文化…等不同面向,綜合評比各鄰海縣市的海洋狀況,評比內容包含四項因素:現況(最近五年資料與參考點的比值)、壓力(各項正在面臨的生態及社會負面因素)、抗力(各項可能的改善因素,包括政策法規以及生態等正面因素)以及趨勢(近五年的變化、增減比例),結合上述四項因子,估算現況及未來趨勢得到各項分數。預期能為各鄰海縣市的海洋評分,並且排名使各縣市檢討在海洋領域所投入的等級,針對未來該如何加強海洋健康做出建議。

2014年6月11日 星期三

台灣鮪延繩釣漁業降低意外捕獲海鳥國際行動方案之記者會

很開心地去參加一個記者會,像是自己的成果得以被發表的感覺~~~

捕魚不捕鳥,保育做得好

  為呼應聯合國糧農組織(FAO)所通過之「避免延繩釣漁業混獲海鳥國際行動計畫」,善盡保育海鳥責任,農委會漁業署於103年6月12日上午舉辦「公布臺灣海鳥國家行動計畫」記者會,說明臺灣漁業如何邂逅這群處於高緯度的海鳥,現場除首度展示翼展達315公分之漂泊信天翁實體標本(照片如附)外,並將播放「海洋生態保育-遠洋漁業與海鳥保育」影片,說明臺灣為保育這群海鳥所作之努力。

保育海鳥,不落人後

  漁業署表示,臺灣是全球主要鮪延繩釣漁業國,擁有一千餘艘大、小型延繩釣船在三大洋作業。由於延繩釣漁船在高緯度海域作業時,有可能意外捕獲信天翁等海鳥,為減少此類情形發生,FAO於1999年通過「避免延繩釣漁業混獲海鳥國際行動計畫」,要求相關國家訂定國家行動計畫,採取措施以降低延繩釣漁業意外捕獲海鳥,我國於2006年公告「減少延繩釣漁業意外捕獲海鳥之國家行動計畫」,並於2014年更新我國國家行動計畫,制定相關工作計畫,包括配合實施相關鮪類國際漁業管理組織所通過之海鳥忌避措施,要求作業漁船應採取下列3種避鳥措施中至少2種,包括裝置避鳥繩、支繩加重及夜間投餌等忌避措施,以善盡保育海鳥之責任。

臺灣與信天翁的邂逅

  漁業署進一步表示,信天翁及鸌鳥等海鳥主要分布在三大洋南緯30度以南以及太平洋北緯23度以北之海域,是我遠洋漁船最常遇見的二種鳥類,全球目前有22種信天翁,均被列為信天翁與鸌鳥國際公約保育名錄以及遷徙物種公約附錄一與附錄二之物種,其中翼展長達3.7公尺之漂泊信天翁,更是全球翼展最長的鳥類,這群海鳥幾乎終身生活於海上,人們很難目擊牠們及蒐集相關科學資料,臺灣因為派遣觀察員隨遠洋延繩釣漁業漁船紀錄,始有機會邂逅這群神秘嬌客,並且採取相關避鳥措施避免傷害,讓臺灣能對這群海鳥在科學研究及保育上作出貢獻。

  漁業署最後強調,漁業產業之永續經營,不再只是關心漁業資源能否永續利用,也需兼顧海洋生態環境及海洋生物多樣性能否妥善保育與維護,捕魚不捕鳥,讓所有的生物共享海洋的恩澤及共同生活於地球中,才是善待地球及海洋最好的方式。






Catch Fish, not Bird, Achievements on Seabird Bycatch Mitigation

To fulfill Taiwan’s national responsibility to address the issue on seabird bycatch and in response to the International Plan of Action for Reducing the Incidental Catch of Seabirds in longline fisheries (IPOA-Seabirds) adopted by FAO, Fisheries Agency, Council of Agriculture (the Agency) will host a Press Conference on June 12, 2014, to publish the updated National Plan of Action for Reducing Incidental Catch of Seabirds in Tuna Longline Fisheries of Taiwan (NPOA-Seabirds). The Agency will explain how Taiwanese fisheries interact with those seabirds migrating at high latitudes. A specimen of wandering albatross with wingspan 315 cm will be demonstrated for the first time in the conference, and a video entitled “Marine Ecology Conservation-Distant Water Fisheries and Seabirds Conservation” will be shown to further reiterate the efforts Taiwan has been doing to solve the problem of seabird bycatch.

Bycatch mitigation of seabirds as first priority
According to the Agency, as one of the major tuna longline fisheries countries in the world, Taiwan has more than 1,000 large- and small-scale longline vessels operating in the three oceans. Those vessels might incidentally catch albatrosses, petrels and other seabirds while operating at high latitudes. To reduce seabird bycatch, the FAO adopted IPOA-Seabirds in 1999, requesting countries to adopt NPOA and take actions to reduce incidental catch of seabirds in their longline fisheries. The Agency has developed its first edition of NPOA-Seabirds in 2006, and updated this plan in 2014. Besides, the Agency has also formulated relevant work plans, requesting fishing vessels to use at least two of the following seabird mitigation measures: bird-scaring lines, weighted branch lines, and night setting, in accordance with relevant recommendations/resolutions adopted by tuna-related Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs), with the aim of fulfilling Taiwan’s responsibility for reducing seabird bycatch.

The interaction between Taiwan and albatrosses
The Agency further stated that albatrosses and petrels migrate mostly in south of 30 degrees south latitude in the three oceans and north of 23 degrees north latitude in the Pacific Ocean. Both of them are the most common seabirds Taiwanese distant water fishing vessels encounter during fishing operation. There are 22 species of albatrosses on earth, all of which have been included on the conservation list of The Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) and Appendix 1 and Appendix 2 of Convention on Migratory Species. Among them, wandering albatross, with wingspan longer than 3.7 m, has the longest wingspan in the world. Those seabirds spend most of their life on the ocean, which make it difficult for people to sight them, let alone collect their information. Thanks to the records from the observers onboard our tuna longline fishing vessels operating in the international waters, we may have the chance to have some knowledge of these amazing creatures and further protect them by taking appropriate mitigation measures. Through those measures, Taiwan has also made contributions to scientific research and protection of these important species in the marine ecosystem.

Last but not least, the Agency would like to emphasize that the sustainability of fisheries depends not only on the utilization of fisheries resources but also the protection of other species in the ecosystem and marine biodiversity. “Catch fish, not bird”, i.e. seabird-friendly fisheries, is the best approach to protecting the earth, the oceans and all relevant species.

印尼韋島海洋保護區之成功關鍵因素- ika的論文口試

感謝邱老師與邵老師的蒞臨指導
還有Ika的老公特別從馬來西亞飛來支持

摘要

為改善過度開發的海洋資源,全球紛紛劃設海洋保護區,倘若管理妥當,海洋保護區將達到有效管理的目標。印尼沙邦 (Sabang) 海洋保護區包含韋島海洋娛樂公園(Weh Island Marine Recreational Park, WMRP) 和韋島海洋保護區 (Weh Island Marine Protected Area, WMPA)兩處。韋島海洋娛樂公園由印尼政府成立於Iboih村,且由隸屬林業部的自然資源保護局管理。韋島海洋保護區則位處Anoi ItamIe Meulee村,由巴邦的海洋事務和漁業局管理。本研究目的包含(1)回顧沙邦海洋保護區相關立法、條文、政策及習慣法;(2)平衡國家法和習慣法;(3)定義及評估海洋保護區的有效管理與漁業永續經營之影響因素;(4)訂定海洋保護區的發展策略。本研究於20131月至9月於韋島海洋娛樂公園及韋島海洋保護區進行訪談及問卷調查,共計195受訪者。結果顯示,除了三種基本法規,法規的實施多根據地方的習慣法,歸納本研究海洋保護區成功管理的因素,包含各權益相關人對海洋環境的支持意願、法規執行和遵守、提升民眾了解海洋保護區將帶來的益處等。各權益相關人間應加強合作與建立共同管理機制,並強化漁業永續發展之相關立法與地方社區對海洋保護區的監控管理,將為海洋保護區與永續漁業相輔相乘之管理策略。

關鍵字: 海洋保護區、島、有效管理、關鍵因素


Abstract

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been established over the world in order to maintain marine resources from over exploitation. All the good goals of MPAs can be achieved if management of MPAs is well organized. Sabang in Indonesia has two MPAs, Weh Island Marine Recreational Park (WMRP) and Weh Island Marine Protected Area (WMPA). The WMRP in Iboih Village is established by the Government of Indonesia and managed by the Natural Resources Conservation Agency, which operates under the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry. The other is WMPA in Anoi Itam and Ie Meulee village is managed by the Government of Sabang’s Marine Affairs and Fisheries Agency. This study aims to (1) review the legislation, regulations, policies and customary laws of the MPAs management in Sabang; (2) balance between the national laws and customary laws; (3) identify and assess the factors that affect the successful management of MPAs; (4) formulate the strategies for development of MPAs. The study was conducted at two MPAs in January to September 2013. Researcher employed two instruments of research, interview and questionnaire. 185 respondents participated in this study. The result showed that there are 17 laws and regulations related the management implementation of Weh Island Marine National Park and WMPAs. Based on Fisheries Law No. 31,the management scheme has shifted from a top-down, centralized management regime to a bottom-up in Indonesia. And for WMRP, based on law No 32, the Natural Resources Conservation Agency should involve local governments to manage WMRP. In both areas, laws becomes the basic for the establishment of MPAs, while the implementation in the field that applies is customary law, where communities employ a customary management system called Panglima laot, which literally translates to “Sea Commander”. There were different opinions on factors that influence on the successful management between two areas. In WMRP, participants considered that: support of all stakeholders’ awareness of the marine environment” is the most important. On the other hand, “improved understanding of benefits from MPAs” was factor that influence in WMPA. Improvement of cooperation and establish co-management with all stakeholders are management’s strategies of MPAs to achieve sustainable fisheries in both areas.

Keyword: co- management,MPAs, Panglima laot (sea commander), Weh Island.

台灣的海洋公民科學

 海洋公民科學 提到台灣的生態公民科學,許多人首先會想到路殺社,或是龐大的觀鳥社群。然而,相較於陸地的易接近性,海洋領域的公民科學充滿了挑戰。在這片廣袤的藍色世界中,規模最大的公民科學行動或許是由Ocean Conservancy發起的國際淨灘倡議(International C...