以類神經網路判別台灣沿近海漁船VDR資料庫之作業狀態

隨著漁船監控系統(Vessel monitoring system)普遍被應用於各種漁業之漁船，漁船船位資訊(vessel position information)被運用於估計努力量、漁獲狀況，並成為漁船管理之利器。我國沿近海漁船數量總數接近二萬艘，其動態不易掌控，自 2007 年農業委員會漁業署開始要求該等漁船安裝漁船航程記錄器(Voyage Data Recorder,VDR)，使得漁船作業位置得以被掌握。本研究目的希望將龐大的VDR資料，能夠正確轉換為有效努力量，作為未來漁業動態分析與漁業管理之用。本研究以 2011年台灣沿海60 艘漁船(包含延繩釣、拖網、扒網等漁法)VDR資料庫以及對應之漁獲報表資料，利用類神經網路(Artificial Neural Network,ANN)為分析工具，採用 MATLAB軟體，於樣本船中挑選確實作業之作業時間、日期相對應的VDR 資料庫作訓練資料庫、將速度、航向、加速度、漁業別等列為可能變數，調整神經網路參數(主要包含神經元數量、訓練次數、均方差極值)以達到性能最佳化，並分析各項漁業的作業模式。主要目標有二，一為判斷各VDR紀錄點的作業狀態，另一為判斷各航次的作業漁法為何。結果顯示在參數上神經元最佳為3個、均方差極值最佳值為0.02，訓練次數差異不大。而在判斷作業狀態的結果顯示，拖網作業狀態的判別率為77%-90%，扒網作業判別率為88%，延繩釣判別率為77%-90%。在漁法判別上拖網為69%-91%，扒網為72%，延繩釣為53%-90%差異最大。使用類神經網路在判別作業點的準確度有不錯的正確率，但在漁法判別上則出現較大差異。這三種漁業的作業模式分析顯示，延繩釣ct0、ct1實際作業時間比例為67%，ct2為60%，拖網ct2為80%、ct3為85%、ct4為74%，扒網ct3為50%。在不同時間間隔上，判斷作業狀態部分，CT2以上漁船可採用30分鐘一筆，可獲得足夠準確度，且可省去計算時間，CT2以下選擇3分鐘一筆較佳，可獲得較精準的結果。未來如能持續針對參數進行最佳化設置及取得更準確的資料來源，甚至獲得觀察員資料，可增加辦別的可信度。

關鍵字: 漁船監控系統，漁船船位資訊，船航程記錄器，類神經網路，延繩釣，拖網，扒網

ABSTRACT

Along with the VMS (vessel monitoring system) has been implemented in many fisheries, vessel position information were used in estimating effective effort and catch and become one of the best tools for vessel management. There are around twenty thousand fishing vessels operating in coastal and offshore waters of in Taiwan. It’s difficult to monitor their fishing activities. Since 2007, it is mandatory for the vessels to install VDR (voyage data recorder) under the request of Fisheries Agency, Council of Agriculture. VDR data provide real fishing positions for those fleets. This research aims to identify the efforts efficiently through VDR data for management purposes. Sixty vessels’ VDR data, including 28 longline,14 trawl vessels, and 8 Taiwanese purse seiners. Their logbooks and VDR data were used for analysis. The Matlab is applied for using ANN(Artificial Neural Network) for identify fishing effort. The fishing time, date and correspondent logbook were selected as training database. The speed, degrees, heading, acceleration, types of fisheries are selected as variables and the parameters (number of neurons, training frequency, mean squared error) would be adjusted to maximize the performance, and explored for the fishing pattern. There are two objectives of this study, to identify the vessel operating status and gear types used in each voyage. The results showed the best number of neurons is 3, mean squared error is 0.02, training frequency have no significant differences. The correct rates for longline fishery were 77%-90% ,77-90% for the trawl fishery have,and 88% for the Taiwanses seine fishery. For gear type identification, 52%-90% of longline fishery,69%-91% trawl fishery, and 72% Taiwanese seine fishery could be identificed correctly. The results showed the fishing time were 67%, 67%, 60% for CT0 to CT2 longline fishery vessels respectively, and 80%, 85%, 74% for CT2 to CT4 trawl vessels respectively. It is suggested to use 30 min frequency data to identifying fishing status for vessels larger than CT2. It would have good performance and time saving. As for vessels smaller than CT2, three min interval would be needed. In conclusion, there is good performance for predicting fishing operations with ANN, but in gear identify needs to be improved. Continue to test for best parameters and collect more information, such as observers data could be useful to increase the correct rate.

Keyword: vessel monitoring system, Voyage data Recorder, Artificial Neural Network, long-line, trawl, Taiwanses seine

台灣北部港區垂釣行為研究

摘要

全球休閒漁業人口逐年成長，美國、加拿大等國開始進行全國性調查，並採取限制漁獲量、努力量等管理措施，以確保資源永續。有鑑於臺灣沿岸及港口垂釣人口日益增加，各縣市政府依據相關法規於漁港劃定特定區域開放垂釣。本研究自2013年7月至2014年6月於新北市10處和基隆市5處漁港垂釣區等15處漁港進行73次調查，回收408份問卷。結果顯示96.81 %的釣友為男性，多數來自於新北市(50.98%)，平均年齡為45.92±11.50歲，平均年資為22.95±13.78年，在受訪釣友中有職業型28.92%、運動型61.76%、遊憩型9.31%。推估臺灣北部港區全年垂釣人次為112,114±58,877人次，平均漁獲率1.769±0.249，總垂釣努力量達528,757±8,796小時，平均每人次花費4.72個小時，全年總漁獲量49.14±1.57公噸(983,163±20,926尾)。漁獲部分，共記錄31科39種2,896尾，推估全年總垂釣數達65644尾，主要物種為臭肚魚(長鰭藍子魚，籃子魚科，Siganidae)，約佔63.64%(1843尾)，平均體長為11.45±5.59cm，小於成熟體長，另一指標物種為鸚哥魚，約佔1.14%(33尾)，平均體長為22.08±7.70cm，大於成熟體長。針對管理方面，超過半數(57.41%)釣友認同應攜帶安全設備，然實際穿戴比例(2.94%)低，顯示釣客安全意識不足。超過半數(69.36%)釣友認同自身是港區垃圾製造來源之一，多數(70.59%)認為應設置垃設桶，82.11%希望強化港區環境清潔。69.12%的釣友希望能開放更多港區或增加現有港區的垂釣空間。本研究係首次調查臺灣北部港區垂釣行為並建立釣獲魚類資料庫，並參酌釣友建議，提供主管機關作為港區管理及規劃之參考。

關鍵字：港區垂釣、休閒漁業

Abstract

Recreational fisheries population is increasing, many developed countries, including the United States, Canada have conducted a national survey and take conservation measures such as catch and effort limit. In view of the increasing angling population in Taiwan coastal and harbor areas, local governments designated specific angling areas in fishing ports in accordance with relevant regulations. This study conducted 73 surveys and 408 questionnaires in 10 fishing ports in New Taipei City and 5 fishing port in Keelung from July 2013 to June 2014. The results showed that 96.81% of the anglers were male, most came from New Taipei City (50.98%), and the average age was 45.92 ± 11.50 years, fishing experience averaged 22.95 ± 13.78 years. Among anglers, 28.92% were professionals, 61.76% were sports type and 9.31% were recreationals. The estimated numbers of anglers was 112,114 ± 58,877, the average catch rate was 1.769 ± 0.249 (fish/tip/hour), the total angling effort were 528,757 ± 8,796 hours, average time length was 4.72 hours per time. the annual catch was 49.14 ± 1.57 tonnes (983,163 ± 20,926 fish). There were 31 families, 39 species and 2,896 fish were recorded. The estimated total number was 65644 fish. The major species was Siganus canaliculatus, accounting for 63.64% (1843 fish), average length was 11.45 ± 5.59cm, less than mature length, and estimated average weight was 33.84 ± 53.44 g. Another indicator species is Chlorurus sordidus. Accounting for 1.14% (33fish, 37,127.86 g, 35.57%), average length of 22.08 ± 7.70 cm, more than mature length. For the management, more than half (57.41%) agreed that anglers should carry safety equipment. However, the proportion of actual wear proportion (2.94%) was lower. It is showed that lack of safety awareness. More than half (69.36%) agreed anglers was one of the source for harbor debris. Majority (70.59%) suggested that there should set more trash cans. There are 82.11% hopes to strengthen the port environment. 69.12% of anglers expected the governments could open more ports or increase the existing fishing ports area for angleing. This study is the first survey of angling activities in fishing ports of northern Taiwan. A database for angleing fish species is established for management. In addition, the opinions of anglers were provided for the competent authority for further management.

Keywords: angling, fishing port, recreational fisheries

Next Step of Taiwan OHI- proposal of Janet

海洋占地球面積70%以上，全球超過半數人口生活在海岸帶及其附近區域，身為四面環海、海洋立國的臺灣，海洋滿足臺灣在水產品永續、確保漁業就業機會、海洋經濟與工作、觀光遊憩等項目，但我們是否了解台灣海洋目前的狀況？2012年國際間運用海洋健康指數(Ocean health index, OHI)綜合評估各國家/地區海洋環境的永續與否，本研究參考與應用全球海洋健康指數的框架，蒐集臺灣各項海洋相關資訊，嘗試建立適用於台灣的指數，從海洋環境、生態、社會、經濟、文化…等不同面向，綜合評比各鄰海縣市的海洋狀況，評比內容包含四項因素：現況(最近五年資料與參考點的比值)、壓力(各項正在面臨的生態及社會負面因素)、抗力(各項可能的改善因素，包括政策法規以及生態等正面因素)以及趨勢(近五年的變化、增減比例)，結合上述四項因子，估算現況及未來趨勢得到各項分數。預期能為各鄰海縣市的海洋評分，並且排名使各縣市檢討在海洋領域所投入的等級，針對未來該如何加強海洋健康做出建議。

印尼韋島海洋保護區之成功關鍵因素- ika的論文口試

感謝邱老師與邵老師的蒞臨指導
還有Ika的老公特別從馬來西亞飛來支持

摘要

為改善過度開發的海洋資源，全球紛紛劃設海洋保護區，倘若管理妥當，海洋保護區將達到有效管理的目標。印尼沙邦 (Sabang) 海洋保護區包含韋島海洋娛樂公園(Weh Island Marine Recreational Park, WMRP) 和韋島海洋保護區 (Weh Island Marine Protected Area, WMPA)兩處。韋島海洋娛樂公園由印尼政府成立於Iboih村，且由隸屬林業部的自然資源保護局管理。韋島海洋保護區則位處Anoi Itam和Ie Meulee村，由巴邦的海洋事務和漁業局管理。本研究目的包含(1）回顧沙邦海洋保護區相關立法、條文、政策及習慣法;(2）平衡國家法和習慣法;(3）定義及評估海洋保護區的有效管理與漁業永續經營之影響因素;(4）訂定海洋保護區的發展策略。本研究於2013年1月至9月於韋島海洋娛樂公園及韋島海洋保護區進行訪談及問卷調查，共計195受訪者。結果顯示，除了三種基本法規，法規的實施多根據地方的習慣法，歸納本研究海洋保護區成功管理的因素，包含各權益相關人對海洋環境的支持意願、法規執行和遵守、提升民眾了解海洋保護區將帶來的益處等。各權益相關人間應加強合作與建立共同管理機制，並強化漁業永續發展之相關立法與地方社區對海洋保護區的監控管理，將為海洋保護區與永續漁業相輔相乘之管理策略。

關鍵字: 海洋保護區、韋島、有效管理、關鍵因素

Abstract

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been established over the world in order to maintain marine resources from over exploitation. All the good goals of MPAs can be achieved if management of MPAs is well organized. Sabang in Indonesia has two MPAs, Weh Island Marine Recreational Park (WMRP) and Weh Island Marine Protected Area (WMPA). The WMRP in Iboih Village is established by the Government of Indonesia and managed by the Natural Resources Conservation Agency, which operates under the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry. The other is WMPA in Anoi Itam and Ie Meulee village is managed by the Government of Sabang’s Marine Affairs and Fisheries Agency. This study aims to (1) review the legislation, regulations, policies and customary laws of the MPAs management in Sabang; (2) balance between the national laws and customary laws; (3) identify and assess the factors that affect the successful management of MPAs; (4) formulate the strategies for development of MPAs. The study was conducted at two MPAs in January to September 2013. Researcher employed two instruments of research, interview and questionnaire. 185 respondents participated in this study. The result showed that there are 17 laws and regulations related the management implementation of Weh Island Marine National Park and WMPAs. Based on Fisheries Law No. 31,the management scheme has shifted from a top-down, centralized management regime to a bottom-up in Indonesia. And for WMRP, based on law No 32, the Natural Resources Conservation Agency should involve local governments to manage WMRP. In both areas, laws becomes the basic for the establishment of MPAs, while the implementation in the field that applies is customary law, where communities employ a customary management system called Panglima laot, which literally translates to “Sea Commander”. There were different opinions on factors that influence on the successful management between two areas. In WMRP, participants considered that: support of all stakeholders’ awareness of the marine environment” is the most important. On the other hand, “improved understanding of benefits from MPAs” was factor that influence in WMPA. Improvement of cooperation and establish co-management with all stakeholders are management’s strategies of MPAs to achieve sustainable fisheries in both areas.

Keyword: co- management,MPAs, Panglima laot (sea commander), Weh Island.

Indonesia tuna fisheries development and future strategy

Indonesia tuna fisheries development and future strategy

文章日期：2013-06-25 09:10

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X13001255
Rahmadi Sunoko, Hsiang-Wen Huang*, 2014, Indonesia tuna fisheries development and future strategy. Marine Policy. 

Highlights

•

Bilateral cooperation, joint venture and chartering empowered Indonesia tuna fisheries from 1970s to 1990s.

•

‘Indonesia’ participated fisheries organizations and strengthens domestic managements in 2000s.

•

After five stages of development, Indonesian became number one tuna production country in 2004.

•

Indonesia needs to build capacity, data collection, and marketing for sustainable tuna fisheries development.

---

Abstract

Tuna has made a significant contribution to Indonesian and world fisheries. Indonesian tuna fisheries were introduced from Japan, Taiwan and Korea. Longline fishing was introduced in 1962, and purse seine gear was first used in 1974. Many foreign vessels have reflagged to the Indonesian flag. The Indonesian government developed its own tuna fisheries and closed the chartering program in 2006. Through these efforts, Indonesia became the number one tuna production country in 2004 and has further targeted an increase in marine capture fisheries catch of 0.5%/year from 2010 to 2014. Tuna resources remain under pressure globally. The tuna regional fisheries management organizations attempt to manage tuna fisheries by strengthening conservation of stocks. To enhance international cooperation, Indonesia ratified the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1985 and the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in 2005 and became a member of Indian Ocean Tuna Commission and Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna and a cooperating non-member of Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission in the 2000s. Consequently, Indonesia adopted domestic regulations to comply with management measures. For future sustainable development, Indonesia needs to build its capacity, improve its compliance with the tuna RFMOs’ conservation and management measures, strengthen data collection, develop its products to increase their quality and diversification, and enhance its international cooperation.

碩士畢業口試須知Part 1 by Henry

文章日期：2013-06-05 10:38

一、  口試申請

1. 線上申請口試開始日期為4/20，至4/30截止(確切時間請查行事曆)，請在開始申請前10天(約4/10)，與老師討論口試委員名單，之後開始聯繫各口試委員，範本如下(請將指導教授列為副本)：

  主旨：畢業口試邀請
  內文：
    AAA博士您好：

     我是海洋大學海洋事務與資源管理研究所的碩士研究生─XXX同學，目前在BBB老師的指導下研究「OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO」。

素仰您在此方面之學養，希望邀請您擔任這次論文口試委員，不知A老師您是否能撥冗指導。 

若您方便擔任口試委員，附件為時間調查表，請在方便的時間標註後回信給我，詳細時間、地點會於確定之後再通知您，口試邀請函也會在時間確定後寄出。

期待您的回信

 2. 與各口試委員確認共同許可時間後，於4/20前再發一封正式邀請函，範本如下(請將指導教授列為副本)：

AAA博士您好：

     我是海洋大學海洋事務與資源管理研究所的碩士研究生─XXX同學，目前在BBB老師的指導下研究「OOOOOOOOOOOOO」。

感謝蒙您同意擔任這次論文口試委員，目前預定口試時間地點為：

 時間:2013年*月*日(*)，下午*:*，預定至*:*，敬備午餐與餐點。

 地點:本校綜合一館101教室。(附件為本次口試地點地圖)

論文初稿將於2013年*月*日(至少口試一周前)，書面以及電子郵件方式寄出，倘未收到請再與我聯繫。

倘老師願意，請您提供您的手機號碼，以便當日能夠即時與您聯繫，謝謝。

 期待您的確認，倘有任何問題歡迎與我聯繫!
(聯絡電話：XXXX-XXX-XXX，02-2462-2192#5608)

3. 線上口試申請請至本校教學務系統→教務系統→碩博士系統→申請學位考試→新增

   進入後請先填寫中、英文論文題目，接著選擇各口試委員
(1)每一個口試委員選擇完成時請先儲存，再選擇下一名口試委員；(2)與指導教授討論召集人，召集人應為校外委員；
(3)若口試委員資料有誤，印出後圈出錯誤處，並告知技正；
(4)若口試委員資料不在系統上，發信詢問口試委員的服務單位、職稱、身分證字號、郵局局帳號(詳細事項請詢問技正)；

(5)線上申請完畢後，請印出紙本簽名，務必於4/30前送至所辦。

4.若4/30後欲更換口試委員，必須向學校上簽呈，但是無論如何必須在4/30前完成線上及紙本的申請，否則期限過後無法登入系統申請。

5.申請完畢後詢問技正何時會將聘書寄出，在聘書寄出後兩天內，親自致電給各口試委員：

(1)表明自己身分，並感謝老師惠允擔任口試委員；

(2)詢問老師是否收到聘書，若無應表示會立刻確認；

(3)告知論文初稿預計寄出時間；

(4)詢問委員交通方式，如搭乘高鐵或飛機請委員保留票根；

(5)詢問委員是否曾經來過海洋大學，並告知搭乘公車或計程車時在何處下車較快(本校有祥豐與濱海兩校門，請告知距離口試地點較近者)；

(6)再次謝謝委員能撥冗前來指導。

二、  口試前十天作業

1. 口試一星期以前請先告知技正確切的時間、地點，以便技正發出公告。

2. 最遲在口試前一星期將論文初稿之電子檔(PDF)與紙本寄出，紙本寄出時可附上一份口試時間與地點的相關資訊，再次提醒口試委員，範本如下：

AAA 博士 道鑒：

 學生學位論文口試承蒙 AAA博士惠允擔任口試委員，至為感激。

口試相關資訊如下：

一、  論文題目：

二、  學生姓名：

三、  指導教授：

四、  口試委員：AAA(建議先寫召集人)老師、BBB老師、CCC老師

五、  口試時間：

六、  口試地點：

        敬頌 教安

               國立臺灣海洋大學 海洋事務與資源管理研究所

XXX  敬上

3. 紙本寄出兩天內，請用電話聯絡委員是否收到，並且可以詢問當天準備的餐點是否有特殊的需求(如葷素與牛肉等，素食也可詢問為全素或方便素)，並再次確認當天時間、地點與交通相關事項。

三、  口試當天

1. 請著正式服裝。

2. 請學弟妹或是同學幫忙準備茶點或是便當，茶點包含(水、咖啡、水果、糕點)，如果要準備全素便當者，請於前一天向池上便當(02-2462-5552)訂購(校園附近沒有全素便當店，市區才有)。

3. 向技正確認是否有準備口試相關文件，如評分表及領據等。

4. 請於門口張貼「口試題目、研究生姓名、時間、地點，口試期間請勿打擾」等字樣。

5. 可請兩位同學幫忙記錄(一位攝影、一位手寫)，以確保不會遺漏口試委員的提問與建議，方便日後修改。

6. 除了請同學幫忙記錄外，當委員在提問時，手邊也可準備一張白紙，記錄委員的提問，確保能夠回答委員各個問題。

7. 口試結束時，請一位同學協助，幫忙與各口試委員們合影留念。

2013 臺灣北部海濱垃圾調查與民眾對海洋垃圾認知之分析

The Marine Debris Survey on Northern Taiwan Beaches and the Public Perceptions on Marine Debris

研究生：郭凡鈞

海洋垃圾近年來成為全球極力解決的議題，由於各種人類活動的結果，其影響範圍包含海岸及海洋環境，甚至是人煙稀少的離島地區，並對海洋生物、生態系以及人類的健康與經濟造成危害。海洋垃圾可分為海源性與陸源性兩大類，而海濱的海洋垃圾來源包含海岸遊憩與日常生活、抽菸行為、船隻活動與漁業、丟棄行為、衛生醫療用品等五類，可見遊客是海濱垃圾問題的關鍵因子。

為瞭解並解決海濱垃圾之問題，故本研究選取人口密度較高，海岸線最長(122km)的新北市作為研究地區，進行兩項研究：(1)自2012年6月至2013年5月，為期一年中分為四季，每季又分為大、小潮過後各調查一次，共計有八次調查，利用穿越線法(strip transect method)調查沙岸(白沙灣、金沙灣)、岩岸(尖子鹿、龍洞攀岩場)以及漁港(淡水第二漁港、澳底漁港)三類等六處之海濱垃圾數量及種類，以分析海濱垃圾數量與種類在地點、地型、季節及潮別之差異。(2)於2012年8到10月間，選定白沙灣與福隆海水浴場等兩處遊憩區，利用問卷調查分析民眾對海濱垃圾的意識，包含經驗、行為及認知。研究結果顯示，海濱垃圾部分共記錄到9319件垃圾，總平均0.194件/m²，季節以秋季垃圾最多，平均0.309件/m²，春季平均僅0.101件/m²為最少；大潮過後平均0.241件/ m²垃圾，小潮為0.148件/m²；岩岸垃圾最多有0.398件/m²，其次為沙岸0.149件/m²，而漁港最少僅0.035件/m²。各地點的平均數量以淡水漁港為最低(23.38±17.58件垃圾)，最多的則為尖子鹿(614.38±309.41件)。利用Kruskal-Wallis檢定分析發現岩岸垃圾數量高於沙岸及漁港，尖子鹿顯著高於其他地點，至於季節與潮別沒有顯著差異。垃圾組成以塑膠類最多，佔65.89%，其次為紙類，佔11.26%。垃圾來源以海岸遊憩與日常生活最多(75.48%)，其次為船隻活動與漁業行為(16.07%)，而衛生醫療用品最少(0.04%)。遊客部分回收有效問卷393份，其中受訪者自備飲食的比例很高(61.3%)，而處理垃圾方式以丟垃圾桶最多(62.3%)，也有48.6%的受訪者帶回處理。高達89.3%的受訪者認為在海灘設置垃圾桶不足，且認同增設垃圾桶(80.9%)以減少海濱垃圾。本研究調查資料可供作為後續研究的資料庫外，並提出六點建議，包含(1)增加研究調查以及相關設備，如深水調查設備的研發，(2)利用教育宣導改善國人觀念與生活習慣以及推廣「無痕海岸」之觀念，(3)針對垃圾數量較多的項目，例如塑膠，進行源頭減量， (4)增設垃圾桶方便民眾丟棄及清運，(5)利用漁具收購的獎勵措施鼓勵漁民回收廢棄漁具，(6)加強執法強度，(7)強化國際間合作，希望能藉此改善海洋垃圾的問題，以減輕環境的負擔。

2012利用航程記錄器和漁獲日誌資料探討臺灣沿近海延繩釣漁業之作業模式

 Using Voyage Data Recorder and Logbooks Data to Explore the Fishing Pattern of longline Fisheries in the Coastal Water of Taiwan

研究生: 陳彥君 Yan-Chun Chen

延繩釣漁業為我國重要漁業，佔沿近海漁業總產量的10%。本研究利用2010年間，在臺灣沿近海作業之24艘CT0~CT4(CT0為5噸以下、CT1為5噸以上未滿10噸、CT2為10噸以上未滿20噸、CT3為20噸以上未滿50噸、CT4為50噸以上未滿100噸)延繩釣漁船的航程記錄器(Voyage Data Recorder，VDR)資料共554 航次，分析其作業模式。結果顯示，延繩釣漁船依噸級別之不同，會有不同之作業船速，其中CT0~CT3噸級鮪延繩釣漁船作業之船速分別在2.37節、3.76節、3.45及3.27節以下;而CT0~CT4噸級雜魚延繩釣漁船作業之船速，則分別在2.82節、3.80節、3.31節、5.62節及5.91節以下，且以前述所訂之船速加上一倍標準差為基準，在此基準以上為非作業、以下為作業。結果顯示，超過80%之作業航跡在此基準內。利用VDR 資料判別作業狀態時，大於CT2 漁船建議至少以每60分鐘資料為最佳選擇；CT1以下的船則以3分鐘為標準，若是想了解投繩、揚繩之間的區別，大於CT2漁船必須使用每30分鐘的資料。作業位置差距方面，CT0、CT1、CT4的船在VDR作業眾數和漁獲日誌資料平均相距小於3.5浬，CT2、CT3的船在VDR作業眾數和漁獲日誌資料平均相距超過5浬。在影響漁獲量的因子部分，以努力量、季節、噸級別、作業時間、投繩平均速度、揚繩平均速度、漁獲位置經、緯度為因子，使用一般線性迴歸，結果顯示，鮪延繩釣的漁獲量與季節、努力量、揚繩平均速度以及作業時間相關，而雜魚延繩釣的漁獲量與漁獲位置經、緯度及作業時間相關。鮪延繩釣夏季的捕獲量高於其他季節，而雜魚延繩釣在西部漁獲量高於東部、北部高於南部。本研究建議判斷延繩釣作業速度時，以投繩速度加一倍標準差的速度為分界，以上為非作業，以下為作業。本研究利用VDR資料得知漁船作業速度、作業時間、作業地點，可與漁獲日誌進行對照，得到較準確的資料，提供漁政單位作為管理之用。

 　　Longline fishery is one of the most important fisheries of Taiwan,

 which were accounted for over 10% of total catch. For understanding the fishing pattern of Taiwanese coastal longline fisheries, 554 trips data collected from 24 vessels Taiwanese coastal longline fishing CT0~CT4 vessels (CT0 is less than 5 tons, CT1 is for more than 5 tons less than 10 tons, CT2 is for more than 10 tons but less than 20 tons, CT3 is for more than 20 tons but less than 50 tons, CT4 is for more than 50 tons but less than 100 tons) were used to analysis of fishing pattern of these vessels. The results showed the fishing speed were 2.37 knot, 3.76 knot, 3.45 knot, 3.27 knot for CT0 to CT3 pelagic longline fishing vessels, respectively. For bottom longline fishing vessels, the fishing speed were less than 2.82 knot, 3.80 knot, 3.31 knot, 5.62 knot, and 5.91 knot for CT0 to CT4, respectively. Use this speed add a standard deviation as indicator can distinguish fishing and steaming, the accuracy was more than 80%. Regarding the appropriate time intervals, it is suggested that vessels larger than CT2 vessels interval should use 60 minutes interval. For those smaller than CT2, 3 minutes interval would be appropriate. For position, both of pelagic and bottom longliners showed the average fishing position difference of CT0, CT1, CT4 fishing vessels were less than 3.5 nautical miles between VDR and logbook data. However, the average fishing position difference were more than 5 nautical miles for CT2 and CT3 fishing vessels. Regarding the linear regression function of catch, fishing effort(number of hooks), season, tonnages, fishing time, speed, catch position(latitude and longitudes) were used as independent variables. Tuna longline catches

were correlation to season, fishing effort, average hauling speed and fishing time for tuna longline fisheries. The fishing position and the fishing time are correlated to catch of bottom longline catch. It showed tuna longline has high catch in summer, and bottom longline has higher catch in western than eastern, higher catch in north than south waters of Taiwan. This study suggests that average setting’s speed add a standard deviation could be defined as the fishing speed of longline fisheries. This study showed VDR data could be used to understand the fishing area, fishing time, and fishing speed, and further be applied to compare with the logbook and get useful information for management purpose.

2012印尼鮪漁業的管理及策略之研究

本文刊載於2014年 Marine Policy

2012印尼鮪漁業的管理及策略之研究

文章日期：2013-05-14 20:49

Study of Indonesia Tuna Fisheries Management and Strategy

研究生: 蘇諾卡 Rahmadi Sunoko

鮪漁業對印尼海洋漁業產量和產值貢獻匪淺。印尼海洋漁業潛在年產量是652萬公噸，2010年捕撈漁業產量為538萬公噸，印尼海洋事務和漁業部（MMAF）計畫於2010年至2014年間每年增加0.5％海洋捕撈漁獲量，望在2014增加到550萬公噸。然而，鮪魚資源在全球利用壓力下，鮪魚區域性漁業管理組織（RFMOs）紛以保育物種為前提進行鮪漁業管理。本研究旨在回顧印尼鮪漁業發展，包括對於鮪魚區域性漁業管理組織養護管理措施（CMMS）之遵守狀況、研究鮪魚產業對養護管理措施的知識，態度及行為（KAP），並對他們的看法進行分析。最後藉由SWOT 分析(Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats Analysis)及量化策略規劃矩陣(Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix Analysis, QSPM)提供印尼鮪漁業發展建議。印尼鮪漁業發展政策分為兩個階段，首先，對外資投資法No.1/1967的制定，著重於增加鮪魚產量，並推動許多措施包括漁業執照核發致度、外國投資漁船制度，振興各省漁業，鼓勵國內投資。第二，依總統條例No.7/2005制定，2004年至2009年國家中長期發展方案（RPJMN），其中鮪漁業為漁業部門三個振興方案之一。此期間，政府重點放在能提高附加價值的產品，和以生態系為基礎之管理（ESBM）。印尼於1985及1995年批准聯合國海洋法公約(UNCLOS)和海洋法公約有關跨界及高度洄游魚類種群保育與管理協定( UNFSA)，並成為印度洋鮪類委員會(IOTC)、南方黑鮪保育委員會(CCSBT)及中西太平洋漁業委員會(WCPFC)的成員。KAP分析發現，鮪漁船船主及運營商具有良好的基本知識，但對於鮪類區域性漁業管理組織及其養護管理措施的相關知識認知仍顯不足。然而，他們於養護管理相關措施持有良好態度。在養護管理措施上，他們實施漁船監控系統(VMS)，填寫漁獲報表，並有預防混獲的保育措施。對政府而言，業者對鮪漁業管理的看法相當寶貴。本研究提出以下策略俾利鮪漁業發展，依序為：制定具體的中長程計劃與足額預算編列、鮪魚科學資料收集、市場上多樣化的產品開發以及加強國際合作。

 Tuna has significant contribution in both volume and value of Indonesia’s marine capture production. The strategic plan 2010-2014 of Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) Indonesia has targeted that catch of marine capture fisheries should increase at level of 0.5 percent/year. The capture fisheries production will plan to increase from around 5.38 million tonnes in 2010 to 5.50 million tonnes in 2014 while the marine capture fisheries potential is 6.52 million tonnes annually. However, tuna resources are under pressure of utilization, globally. Furthermore, the tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) attempt to manage tuna fisheries by strengthening conservation of stocks. The objective of research is to review the tuna fisheries development in Indonesia including the efforts to comply with the tuna RFMOs conservation and management measures (CMMs). The knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of tuna fishing industry on tuna CMMs related issues and their perception were analyzed. Finally, the research provided the strategies to develop tuna industry using Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM).

 There are two waves of policy on tuna industry development. First, after the Law No.1/1967 on the Foreign Capital Investment enacted, this was focused on increasing tuna production. Some policies have set up such as: licensing, vessel charter, and joint venture scheme for foreign investment, revitalized & established state companies on fisheries, also encourage domestic investment on fisheries. Second, after the National Medium-term Development (RPJMN) 2004-2009 enacted through President Regulation No.7/2005. Tuna is one of three revitalization programs on fisheries sector. In this period, government focus on enhancing value products besides increasing fishing production and implemented ecosystem based management (ESBM). Indonesia has adopted UNCLOS 1985 and 1995 UNFSA and became a member of IOTC, CCSBT, and WCPFC. The KAP analysis found that tuna fishing vessel owners/operators have good basic knowledge on the tuna RFMOs and their knowledge on CMMs was poor. However, their attitude on CMMs was good level. On CMMs practices, they implemented VMS, fill out logbook, and bycatch conservation measures. Their perception on tuna management is valuable input to government.

 Some strategies were suggested in order to develop tuna industry, with level of priority, respectively: formulate measurable long term, mid term, and action plans with budget needed; tuna data collection; market, quality & diversification product development; and enhance international cooperations.

2012越南峴港刺網漁業之經營效益分析

這篇文章於2014年刊載於Marine Policy

2012越南峴港刺網漁業之經營效益分析

文章日期：2013-05-14 20:48

 Economic Performance Analysis of the

研究生: 范青 Pham Thi Duy Thanh

越南海洋捕撈漁業屬於小型、多漁法、多漁具之經營方式，且並無船數限制。在政府鼓勵之下，漁撈能力不斷擴張，流網漁船比例超過30%，整體而言超過最大持續生產量且缺乏管控，因此，船隊漁撈能力之控制有其必要性。本研究目的在於檢視峴港流網漁業2010年之相關經濟指標，評估該船隊是否具有效益並且提供管理建議。

 本研究於2011年四到七月進行，針對45艘流網漁船船主進行問卷調查。結果顯示峴港流網船隊的毛利與利潤分別為1,161.2及139.8 百萬越幣 (分別為60,796美元及7,319美元)。燃料以及船員薪資為變動成本之主要支出，分別占44%及26%。結果亦顯示大船(引擎馬力超過90)的經濟效益較小船(引擎馬力小於90)為佳。小船的年收益甚至為負值(-0.4%毛利)。

 利用資料包絡法分析結果顯示，雖然峴港流網漁業2010年呈盈餘狀況，但其未使用漁撈能力達21%，整體船隊之技術無效率達10%。並有部分漁船在投入變數使用無效率。大船的油料、網片數、作業天數的過度使用率為7%、10%及3%。而小船則分別為7%、3%及7%。

 本研究結果建議結論顯示過度漁撈能力可能是因為投入變數的技術使用率以及近期政策鼓勵所致。因此，本研究提出政策改善建議，包括限制漁船自由建造(限制船數以及漁場作業權利)、收購小型以及無效率漁船，檢討油料、貸款等補貼措施，以及執行新政策以控制漁船投入。

 The marine capture fisheries in Vietnam are small scale, multi-species, multi-gear and open access regime. Under many incentives program from the government, the Vietnamese fishing fleet (of which the gillnet segment consists more than 30% in quantity) expand rapidly, beyond control. Therefore, manage the capacity of those fleets is necessary. The purpose of this study is to analysis economic performance in the year 2010 of the Da Nang gillnet fishery and provide management suggestions.

 Data were obtained from 45 gillnetters in Da Nang city by questionnaire through a survey conducted from April to July 2011. The results showed that the gross revenue and profit of the total fleet were 1,161.2 miilion VND (60,795.8 USD) and 139.8 million VND (7,319 USD), respectively. Fuel and labor were main costs among operating expenses, consisting of 44% and 26%, respectively. The study also showed that the large vessel (engine  90 hp) group had better economic performance than the small vessel group (engine < 90 hp); particularly, the small vessel group showed a negative profit in the operating year (-0.4% gross revenue).

 Through data envelopment analysis, results showed that though the Da Nang gillnet fishery operated profitably in the year 2010, yet they did not operate at full capacity since the unused capacity and the technical inefficiency were about 21% and 10%, respectively. In addition, there was less fishing vessels operated efficiently since they overused or used inefficiently variable inputs. The over-use of fuel, net sheets, and days at sea in the large vessel group were 7%, 10%, and 3%, respectively; whereas these ratio in the small ones were 7%, 3%, and 7%, respectively.

 It was suggested that overcapacity may be decomposed into a part resulting from technically optimal use of inputs, a part resulting from enhancing the current policies; hence, the study proposed some policy implications to the fisheries managers. These feasible policies may include restricting access control (limited entry and territorial use right), implementing buyback (to small vessels and unprofitable vessels), reviewing subsidies programs (fuel, loans), as well as implementing new regulations to control vessels’ input uses.

2011臺灣北部沿近海延繩釣漁業之產能與經營效益評估

Capacity and Economic Efficiency of Coastal and Offshore Longline Fisheries of Northern Taiwan

研究生: 徐鉦忠 Jeng-Jung Shiu

臺灣沿近海漁船筏約2萬2千餘艘，近十年漁船數與馬力數增加了5.6%及19%，而漁獲產量卻減少27%。其中延繩釣船數占沿近海總船數45%，臺北縣與基隆市延繩釣漁船占9%，屬於重要漁業種類之一，本研究欲了解延繩釣漁戶的經營效率、漁船產能狀況，以提供管理建議。調查時間自2009年7月至2010年1月，在臺北縣與基隆市主要漁港以問卷蒐集漁船資料。結果總計調查39艘延繩釣漁船，87%為專營漁業，船長平均年資30年，全年平均作業天數157天，單船漁獲量約12.9公噸，主要魚種為紅目鰱及赤鯮，占總漁獲量約47%。經濟指標方面，平均毛利約2,920千元，平均淨利約1515千元，投入成本主要為油料費及工資，兩者各占27%，漁獲處理費用18%，平均每船財務盈餘為676千元，較多20~50噸級漁船有虧損情形。資料包絡法 (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA)分析結果顯示，79%漁船處於規模報酬遞減，產能利用率平均在0.8以上，10噸以下漁船最具技術效率。效率分群比較發現，油料費及漁獲量為造成效率差異的主因，造成漁獲量差異月份為2月、11月及12月，作業時段從晚上至白天的漁船有較好的漁獲量。最後以Tobit迴歸判斷影響效率及產能利用率因子發現，技術效率主要受作業地點及作業時段影響，在彭佳嶼附近作業對於技術效率具正面影響，產能利用率與船長的年資有顯著正相關。作業漁船成本調整，10~20噸效率低漁船，平均每船應減少餌料成本7%，20~50噸效率低漁船，平均每船應減少油料費20%及餌料費11%。政府減船收購對象可針對經營虧損、規模報酬遞減、技術效率低及產能利用率高的漁船。

 The number of total coastal and offshore fishing vessels was around 22000. The number and horsepower increased 5.6% and 19% in the recent ten years, respectively. However, the catches decreased around 27%. Among those fisheries, longline vessels was around 45% in number, which Taipei county and Keelung city were 9% of total longline vessels. The object of this research is to study the operational efficiency of those longline fishing vessels and provide management suggestions. The data was collected from July 2009 to January 2010 by questionnaire. The study collected data from 39 longline fishing vessels, which 87% fisherman were full-time fishermen. The average experience was 30 years. The total fishing days was 157 days and the catch per vessels was 12.9. The target species were Priacanthus macracanthus and Dentex tumifrons, were 47% of total catch in weight. Regarding the economic perforence, gross revenue and net revenue were around NT$ 2.9 million and NT$1.5 million. Fuel and crews were the main costs stand for 27% respectively. Bait was 18% among total costs. Financial profit was about NT$676 thousand in average. More fishing vessels between 20 to 50 have loss. Through data envelopment analysis, 79% vessels were decreased return to scale (DRS), average Capacity Utilization were larger than 0.8. Vessels less than 10 Gross tonnages had better efficiency. Fuel and catches were the main factors. In addition, catches in February, November and December were significant different between high efficiency and low efficiency groups. Vessel which working shift from night to day with more catches than at other working times. According to tobit regression, fishing ground and fishing time were the main factor to TE, a positive correlation between CU and captain’s experience. However, for those low efficiency vessels, which the tonnage between 10 to 20 should reduce 7% bait costs in average. Those vessels tonnage between 20 to 50 should reduce 20%fuel and 11% bait costs. In vessel buyback program, government could consider to buyback those fishing vessels which operate loss, DRS, with low TE and high CU ones.