韓國海岸廢棄物對於野生動物的衝擊

韓國海岸廢棄物對於野生動物的衝擊Impacts of marine debris on wild animals in the coastal area of Korea

文章日期：2013-05-13 22:59

Reference

Mar Pollut Bull. 2013 Jan 15;66(1-2):117-24. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.10.022. Epub 2012 Nov 28.

Impacts of marine debris on wild animals in the coastal area of Korea.

Hong S, Lee J, Jang YC, Kim YJ, Kim HJ, Han D, Hong SH, Kang D, Shim WJ.

Source

摘要

  韓國也體悟到海洋垃圾對於沿海生態系的衝擊，所以在2010年2月到2012年3月，兩年期間收集資料發現有18種鳥類，2種哺乳動物，甲殼類和1種共21種受到衝擊。其中包括五個威脅或保護物種江豚的黑面琵鷺，大天鵝，獐，和彩鷸。其中發現不少休閒漁具，所以，休閒漁業活動應該列為優先管理重點。

==>這件研究有趣的地方是利用公民科學的方式蒐集資料，也就是教育推廣大眾參與並回報資訊!

Abstract

Over the last decade, marine debris has become a major factor affecting the coastal ecosystem of Korea. This study compiled information regarding how marine debris impacts wildlife in Korea. Cases of marine debris impacting wildlife were collected from experts of various fields and from local participants through an open access website from February 2010 to March 2012. A total of 21 species were affected by marine debris: 18 species of birds, 2 species of mammals, and 1 species of crustacean. Five threatened or protected species were identified: black-faced spoonbill, finless porpoise, water deer, whooper swan, and greater painted snipe. Recreational fishing gears were the types of debris that most frequently impacted wildlife, especially birds. Black tailed gulls were the most vulnerable species to recreational fishing hooks and lines. Although it was preliminary, this study revealed that recreational fishing activities should be prioritized when managing marine debris in Korea.

其他參考文獻

Derraik, JoséG.B. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9): 842-852.
Kruger, L. E., Shannon, M. A. (2000). Getting to know ourselves and our places through participation in civic social assessment, Society and Natural Resources, 13: 461-478

以類神經網路辨別VMS資料庫捕撈位置:以秘魯鯷魚圍網為例

文章日期：2013-05-13 17:03

Joo, R., Bertrand, S., Chaigneau, A., & Ñiquen, M. (2011). Optimization of an artificial neural network for identifying fishing set positions from VMS data: an example from the Peruvian anchovy purse seine fishery. Ecological Modelling, 222(4), 1048-1059.

摘要

目前大規模的船隊活動可透過漁船監控系統追蹤查詢，這些漁船位置被期待可用於提升漁獲努力量的估計或管理。但無法提供漁船是否進行捕撈的實際訊息。VMS數據通常只依據簡單的標準進行檢測(例如速度之閾值)，並都集中在檢測真陽性上，並不重視估計誤差。在秘魯鯷魚捕撈的案例中，這些標準高估了總量的182%。為了解決這個問題，本研究將介紹類神經網路(ANN)的方法。為設置ANN參數的最佳化，透過敏感度分析進行幾項優化:(1)內部結構及演算法培訓(2)培訓演算法所需資料庫大小與組成之選取規則。優化後的ANN可改善捕撈位置與數量之估計。在本研究中，ANN減少了1%的估計誤差並獲得了76%的真陽性。儘管是使用於秘魯鯷魚漁業數據，但這種ANN可根據VMS和觀察員的資料運用在各種漁業上，具有廣泛的潛在價值。為了提高ANN結果的準確率，本研究也提出了一些改善利用觀察員和VMS數據抽樣設計的建議。

ABSTRACT:

The spatial behavior of numerous fishing fleets is nowadays well documented thanks to satellite Vessel Monitoring Systems. Vessel positions are recorded on a frequent and regular basis which opens promising perspectives for improving fishing effort estimation and management. However, no specific information is provided on whether the vessel is fishing or not. To answer that question, existing works on VMS data usually apply simple criteria (e.g. threshold on speed). Those simple criteria generally focus in detecting true positives; conversely, estimation errors are given no attention. For our case study, the Peruvian anchovy fishery, those criteria overestimate the total number of fishing sets by 182%. To overcome this problem an artificial neural network (ANN) approach is presented here. In order to set both the optimal parameterization and use “rules” for this ANN, we perform an extensive sensitivity analysis on the optimization of (1) the internal structure and training algorithm of the ANN and (2) the “rules” used for choosing both the relative size and the composition of the databases (DBs) used for training and inferring with the ANN. The “optimized” ANN greatly improves the estimates of the number and location of fishing events. For our case study, ANN reduces the total estimation error on the number of fishing sets to 1% (in average) and obtains 76% of true positives. While fitted on Peruvian anchovy fishery data, this type of neural network approach has wider potential and could be implemented in any fishery relying on both VMS and at-sea observer data. In order to increase the accuracy of the ANN results, we also suggest some criteria for improving sampling design by at-sea observers and VMS data.

南葡萄牙休閒岸釣漁獲量：對資源保護及整合性漁業管理之影響

南葡萄牙休閒岸釣漁獲量：對資源保護及整合性漁業管理之影響

文章日期：2013-05-13 16:53

Veiga P. , J. Ribeiro, J. M. S. Gonc¸alves and K. Erzini. (2010). Quantifying recreational shore angling catch and harvest in southern Portugal (north-east Atlantic Ocean): implications for conservation and integrated fisheries management. J. FISH. BIOL. , 76: 2216-2237.
隨著人類休閒生活發展，漁釣漁業已經在某些國家慢慢的超越商業漁業囉~~
摘要
沿著葡萄牙西南部250公里調查休閒岸釣區域漁獲量及空照之研究並統計從2006年8月至2007年7月期間，依層級隨機抽樣設計以及漁獲量、努力量、丟棄量、釣客人口統計和釣魚習慣之訊息提供。總共進行了192個區域漁獲量調查、24張空照以及訪問1321位。空照部分，總釣魚努力量估計約每年705236 ± 32765小時(平均±標準誤)，相對應每年約166430 ± 9792釣魚人次，則平均每個釣魚人次花費4.7個小時。區域漁獲量調查共記錄了22科，48個物種，其中主要的物種是Diplodus sargus(鯛科)，約佔總漁獲數44%，漁獲量48%。年度總休閒岸釣漁獲量估計約一年162.2 ± 12.6公噸(一年788049 ± 54079條魚) (平均±標準誤)，被保留約一年147.1± 11.9公噸(每年589132 ± 42360條魚)。雖然整體休閒岸釣漁獲量佔商業業性漁獲量約0.8%(僅含常見物種)，但D. sargus在休閒岸釣漁獲量佔商業性漁獲量65%。就整合性漁業管理以及資源保護結果之影響討論並提出今後可行的研究
Abstract
Recreational shore fishing along 250 km of the south and south-west coast of Portugal was studied based on roving creel and aerial surveys. Surveys were conducted between August 2006 and July 2007, following a stratified random-sampling design and provided information on catch and effort, harvest and discards, angler demographics and fishing habits. Overall, 192 roving creel surveys, 24 aerial surveys and 1321 interviews were conducted. Based on the aerial surveys, a mean ± S.E. total fishing effort of 705 236 ± 32 765 angler h year−1 was estimated, corresponding to 166 430 ± 9792 fishing trips year−1. Average time spent per fishing trip was 4.7 h. A total of 48 species, belonging to 22 families, were recorded in roving creel surveys. The most important species was Diplodus sargus, accounting for 44% of the total catches by number and 48% by mass. Estimated mean ± S.E. total annual recreational shore fishing catch was 160.2 ± 12.6 t year−1 (788 049 ± 54 079 fishes year−1), of which 147.4 ± 11.9 t year−1 (589 132 ± 42 360 fishes year−1) was retained. Although overall shore-based recreational catches only corresponded to 0.8% of the commercial landings (only common species considered), D. sargus catches by recreational shore anglers were considerable, corresponding to 65% of the commercial landings. The implications of these results for integrated fisheries management and conservation are discussed, and future research proposed.

NTOU碩士論文基本格式

文章日期：2013-05-12 12:04

幾點注意

1. 章16點字、節14點字、內文12點字，中文標楷體，英文TNR

2.單行間距

3.參考文獻格式，規範說自然論文可用CSE，但是其實不常見，建議可以參考Fisheries Research，APA也OK.

國立臺灣海洋大學博、碩士學位論文格式規範

中華民國102年3月21日修正

壹、印刷用紙格式

一、封面（底）

（一）紙張規格：200磅（g/m2）色紙，上光膠膜（亮）。

（二）封面顏色：各學院選用顏色如下：

3、海洋科學與資源學院：深藍色。

二、內文

1、紙張規格：A4（210mm* 297mm）規格，80磅（g/m2）白紙。

2、印刷方式：正文、參考文獻及附錄採雙面列印外，餘採單面列印。但論文總頁數80頁（含）以下者，得採單面列印。

貳、論文編印次序、版面格式及撰寫格式

一、論文編印次序

編印次序及應包含文件如下：

1、封面（含側邊書背）

2、空白頁

3、書名頁

4、本校博碩士論文紙本及全文上網授權書

5、博碩士紙本論文延後公開/下架申請書（有論文延後公開原因及需求者，無者免附）

6、學位考試及格證明書

7、中文摘要及關鍵詞

8、英文摘要及關鍵詞

9、目次

10、圖目次（無者免附）

11、表目次（無者免附）

12、詞彙或特殊符號說明（無者免附）

13、正文（論文正文）

14、參考文獻

15、附錄（無者免附）

16、封底

二、論文版面格式

（一）版面規格

      上、下邊界2.54cm，左、右邊界3.17cm。字體顏色為黑色，文內要加標點，全文不得塗污刪節，各頁正下方應置中註明頁碼。摘要、目次、正文、參考文獻等的標題或編次文字置中，餘文字左右對齊。

（二）字體

中文以12號標楷體書寫，英文以12號Times New Roman書寫。摘要、目次、正文、參考文獻等的標題或編次字體須加深，文字置中。標題或編次太長，可分二行書寫。

即：

1、摘要Abstract、目次、參考文獻等標題：14號字。

2、章 16號字、節（或1.1） 14號字、內文12號字。

（三）行距

      單行間距（Single-spaced），但標題或編次與內容文字間應空一行。

（四）頁碼

1、書名頁、本校博碩士論文紙本及全文上網授權書、博碩士紙本論文延後公開/下架申請書、學位考試及格證明書之頁次，不必標記頁碼。

2、自中文摘要至正文前，以Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，等大寫羅馬數字連續編碼。

3、正文、參考文獻、附錄以1，2，3，等阿拉伯數字連續編碼。

4、論文每一部份的開始，即：摘要、目次、正文每一章、參考文獻等的開始，均需使用新的一頁，且應以奇數頁為開始。

三、論文撰寫格式

（一）封面（含側邊書背）

1、封面：包括校名、系（所）名稱、學位別、指導教授姓名、中英文論文名稱、研究生姓名及提送年月（民國年、請使用阿拉伯數字）。格式詳【附件一－學位論文封面】。

2、側邊書背：包括校名、系（所）名稱、提送年度（西元年、請使用阿拉伯數字）、學位別、中文論文名稱、研究生姓名。格式詳【附件二－學位論文書背】。

（二）書名頁

中、英文並列，包括論文名稱、研究生及指導教授姓名、校名、系（所）名稱、學位別、提送論文英文說明及地名、提送年月（民國年、請使用阿拉伯數字，與封面提送年月應一致）、本校logo浮水印（書名頁正中間）。格式詳【附件三－學位論文書名頁】。

（三）本校博碩士論文紙本及全文上網授權書

        於本校博碩士論文系統（點選：圖資處網頁"海大博碩士論文系統）上傳建檔完成後，即可直接列印；請以藍筆簽名，以方便辨識非影本。

（四）博碩士紙本論文延後公開/下架申請書（無者免附）

依教育部100年7月1日臺高（二）字第1000108377號函示關於國家圖書館「學位論文公開閱讀及延後公開之處理原則及方式說明」二、（二）3.：有論文延後公開原因及需求者，請查填國家圖書館『博碩士紙本論文延後公開/下架申請書』及本校『論文延後公開申請書』，無者免附。格式詳【附件四－博碩士紙本論文延後公開/下架申請書/本校論文延後公開申請書】。

（五）學位考試及格證明書

通過論文考試，並依學位考試委員意見修正學位論文後，提交學位考試委員會召集人審查通過者，由各系（所）轉發出席論文考試之學位考試委員簽署之學位考試及格證明書。論文考試及格證明書上請使用阿拉伯數字書名論文考試日期。格式詳【附件五－學位考試及格證明書】。

（六）中、英文摘要及關鍵詞

中、英文各以2頁為限。中、英文關鍵詞各4-6個。摘要內容應包含論述重點、方法或程序、結果與討論及結論。經系（所）同意以英文撰寫論文者，仍須附中文摘要。中文摘要及關鍵詞格式詳【附件六－中文摘要及關鍵詞】，英文摘要及關鍵詞格式詳【附件七－英文摘要及關鍵詞】。

（七）目次

包括中英文摘要、目次、圖目次、表目次、詞彙或特殊符號說明、正文、參考文獻、附錄及其所在頁數。格式詳【附件八－目次】。

（八）圖、表目次（無者免附）

各章節內所使用之圖或表及其所在頁數。各依其應用順序，不分章節連續編號，表列一頁目次。格式詳【附件九－圖、表目次】。

圖或表非自製而係擷取自參考文獻者，須於本文圖或表之位置下緣標註資料來源。

（九）詞彙或特殊符號說明（無者免附）

各章節內所使用之詞彙或特殊符號及其所在頁數。各依其應用順序，不分章節連續編號，表列一頁目次。

（十）正文

1、論文正文

學位論文以中文撰寫為原則，已取得他種學位之學位論文，不得再行提出。

2、論文註釋

援引或擷取自參考文獻之論述，應使用註釋（footnote）說明。註釋順序編號採全文連續編號，編號標於相關文右上角。註釋號碼及內容的位置，於同頁底端版面內，與正文之間加劃棋線，本面不足容納可延用至次頁的底端版面。註釋內容中文以10號新細明體書寫，英文以10號Times New Roman書寫。格式則依各系（所）學術領域的慣用格式訂定，或由指導教授指定。參考範例詳【附件十－學位論文註釋範例】。

（十一）參考文獻

正文中任何引用或使用他人的資料，不論是書籍、期刊文章、網站文章、學位論文、技術資料或已接受（付梓）但尚未出刊（版）的文章（書籍），均應尊重智慧財產權，列明出處。內容須包含作者姓名、書籍/文章/論文/技術資料名稱、出版期刊名稱、出版年次、版序、頁碼等。

所有參考文獻資料，均置於論文正文之後，獨立另起一頁，頁碼接續正文編號。各類資料項目排列順序依作者姓氏之筆畫（英文字母為順序）遞增排序，格式則依各系（所）學術領域的慣用格式訂定，或由指導教授指定。

參、其他注意事項

一、論文註釋、參考文獻的書寫方式

格式依各系（所）學術領域的慣用格式訂定，或由指導教授指定。提供參考書籍如下：

（一）CSE（Council of Science Editors）：自然、理工學科適用。可參考Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (7th ed.).

（二）APA（American Psychological Association）：社會學科適用。可參考American Psychological Association, Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.), 2009. 亦可查詢APA網站：http://www.apastyle.org/。

（三）MLA（Modern Language Association）：人文學科適用。可參考Joseph Gibaldi, MLA論文寫作手冊第6版，黃嘉音譯，臺北：書林出版有限公司，二刷，2005年9月。

（四）法學可參考The Harvard Law Review Association, The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (8th ed.), 2006.

二、論文繳交

研究生修畢應修科目與學分、符合各系（所）其他規定及通過論文考試與論文審查，並完成成績登錄者，應於通過學位考試之該學期學校行事曆規定學期結束日前，繳交附有學位考試及格證明書正本之學位論文紙本，並辦妥離校程序後，始得發予學位證書。繳交之學位論文紙本冊數，系（所）依系（所）規定；學校圖書館2冊（平裝）；教務處註冊課務組（進修推廣組）1冊（平裝）。另需於本校博碩士論文系統完成論文線上建檔。

附件請上 http://academic.ntou.edu.tw/course/www/rule/  下載

Basic writing tips for thesis

文章日期：2013-05-09 13:20

1. Reference
   especially in the Introduction, use as much as reference as possible.
2. Tense
    for those previous research outcomes and results, using "past tense'  but not present tense.
   If it is truth for now, then use present tense.
  

北護大樓啟用典禮

文章日期：2013-05-06 20:24

經過十多年，北護大樓終於完成
經過年初的搬遷、混亂，終於有暇在溫暖五月天舉行啟用典禮
"薪火相傳"，這是台大體系的玩意兒。
就開開心心辦典禮吧!

解釋最新啟用的電腦叫號系統

少不了剪綵儀式



還有十五分鐘舞獅秀


剪綵官---北護七仙女

院長致詞


台大院長致詞

台大管樂五重奏的小朋友精采演出


社區老人秀! 老師好努力啊!

院長致詞

字正腔圓的主持人


幕後籌畫 小宏

MPA successful factors成功要素 2001

文章日期：2013-05-06 09:35

摘要
1.以菲律賓VISAYAS  45個MPA社區為個案研究對象
2.方法:利用相關分析及逐步迴歸篩選設置MPA的成功要素
3.結論: MPA成功因素包括: 社區人口數、體認到漁業資源減少、成功的轉業計畫、社區高度參與決策、執行機關的持續回饋，以及地方政府的參與。
Ref:
Pollnac, R. B., Crawford, B. R., & Gorospe, M. L. G. (2001). Discovering factors that influence the success of community-based marine protected areas in the Visayas, Philippines. Ocean & Coastal Management, 44(11–12), 683-710. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(01)00075-8
Abstract
Community-based marine protected areas have become a popular coastal resources management method advocated in many projects and programs. While many case studies have been written about factors contributing to project success, few empirical studies using quantitative methods have been employed. A study was conducted of 45 community-based marine protected areas in Philippines. Several success measures were developed and analyzed in relation to a number of independent variables categorized as contextual or project intervention factors. Correlations between individual factors and the dependent variables are discussed. Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine the most important predictors of success. These included: population size of the community, a perceived crisis in terms of reduced fish populations, successful alternative income projects, high levels of participation in community decision making, continuing advice from the implementing organization and inputs from local government. The implications of these results for policy makers and project managers are discussed.

MPA successful factors成功要素 -1996

文章日期：2013-05-06 09:42

摘要
MPA蓬勃發展的過程中，有許多重要限制因素，例如
資金來源、專家投入、完整資訊等等，而策略規劃、對資源的依賴程度，以及分區規劃，都會影響MPA的成功與否。

Alder, J. (1996). Have tropical marine protected areas worked? An initial analysis of their success. Coastal Management, 24(2), 97-114. doi:
Abstract
This article presents an analysis of a survey of the current state of marine protected area (MPA) management and describes possible factors associated with their perceived success throughout the tropics. Considerable progress has been made in the establishment of MPAs in both developing and developed nations, but the formulation and implementation of management plans has lagged behind. Funding, expertise, and lack of information have constrained planning and management of MPAs in several tropical nations. Despite the promotion of ecologically sustainable development and the involvement of local communities or stakeholders within protected areas, few countries incorporate these principles in the management of MPAs. Tropical MPAs are considered to be of limited success by area managers. Several interrelated factors, such as strategic planning and reliance on coastal resources and zoning schemes, may influence the success of these areas.

MPA successful factors 成功要素 -2011

文章日期：2013-05-06 09:53

同位作者在2001年研究菲律賓MPA成功要素後，十年後再做一次類似研究，用PCA分析要素。
Pollnac, R., & Seara, T. (2011). Factors influencing success of marine protected areas in the Visayas, Philippines as related to increasing protected area coverage. Environmental Management, 47(4), 584-592.
Throughout the world there is a general consensus among environmentalists that there should be an
increase in the amount of marine area that should be reserved in marine protected areas (MPAs). In fact, the 1998 Philippines Fishery Code indicates a need for designation of at least 15% of municipal waters for fish refuges or sanctuaries. Such an increase in area would take productive fishing areas away from fishing communities that can ill-afford the loss. The larger the protected area, there will be a greater number of people impacted. This article examines the relationship between factors that influence
the success of Community Based MPA (CBMPA) performance in the Visayas, Philippines and their significance in efforts to increase the size of protected areas.

MPA successful factors 成功要素 -2009

文章日期：2013-05-06 10:05

MPA的成功與否，至少必須從生態跟社會面來剖析，
科學研究基礎很重要，才能從生態面落實保育，而相關機構間的整合也是成功要素。特別是建立監控機制、尋找共同目標、法令支持等都不可或缺。
Lowry, G. K., White, A. T., & Christie, P. (2009). Scaling Up to Networks of Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines: Biophysical, Legal, Institutional, and Social Considerations. Coastal Management, 37(3-4), 274-290. doi: 10.1080/08920750902851146
The growing number of marine protected areas (MPAs) globally represents an increasing
interest in marine conservation and fisheries management and the potential of planned
and managed MPA networks as a way of strengthening local management. This study
documents the development of MPA networks in the Philippines and identifies critical
success factors and issues. Methods were field observation by participation in MPA
and fisheries management projects and focused interviews that gathered opinions and
observations of primary MPA network stakeholders in the central Visayas region. Findings show that an MPA network is defined through social and ecological criteria. From
a social perspective, a network is comprised of people and organizations that manage
component MPAs, benefit from the network, and promote the network’s viability through
shared administrative responsibility and information. To qualify as part of an ecological
network, individual MPAs must interact ecologically (e.g., source or sink of larvae and
propagating organisms, protection for habitat, and threatened or endangered species)
to enhance fisheries and biodiversity conservation. The study found that while social
and ecological criteria are shaping MPA networks through science-based planning,
integrated management, and coordination, there exist numerous institutional issues related to scaling up to networks from single MPAs. Issues pertain to: limiting access
to resources, boundary delineation, monitoring compliance, finding common goals and
identity, and conflict resolution. Factors correlated with management success included
common institutional processes and legal support, improved understanding of benefits
from a network and improved habitat conditions and fishery yields associated with MPAs

MPA successful factors 成功要素 -2010

文章日期：2013-05-06 10:13

成功的海洋保護區規劃，首要有立法、正致力以及足夠的資源(資金)，其次則需要科學研究與社區支持
Gleason, M., McCreary, S., Miller-Henson, M., Ugoretz, J., Fox, E., Merrifield, M., . . . Hoffman, K. (2010). Science-based and stakeholder-driven marine protected area network planning: A successful case study from north central California. Ocean & Coastal Management, 53(2), 52-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2009.12.001
The planning process for California’s Marine Life Protection Act in north central California represents
a case study in the design of a regional component of a statewide network of marine protected areas
(MPAs) for improved ecosystem protection. We describe enabling factors, such as a legislative mandate,
political will, and adequate capacity and funding that fostered a successful planning process. We identify strategic principles that guided the design of a transparent public planning process that delivered
regional MPA network proposals, which both met science guidelines and achieved a high level of support
among stakeholders. We also describe key decision support elements (spatial data, planning tools, and
scientific evaluation) that were essential for designing, evaluating, and refining alternative MPA network
proposals and for informing decision-makers.

MPA successful factors 成功要素 -2009 for Indonesia

文章日期：2013-05-06 10:45

此篇印尼研究顯示，社區機構以及執法為重要成功因素

Factors influencing the success of community-based marine protected areas in North Sulawesi Indonesia

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to examine factors that influence the success of community based marine protected areas in North Sulawesi Indonesia. The research took place in North Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. A multi-methods approach was used including administration of a survey questionnaire to a random sample of household respondents, use of secondary data, key informant interviews and direct observations within the field sites. Results demonstrate that community-based management interventions and community responses are complex and varied. Progress in establishing community-based marine protected areas was related to community context and the amount and type of project interventions provided. The role of community organizers was also an influencing factor. Compliance with resource management and conservation rules was related to the distance of the reef area to a settlement. Effective enforcement measures can be tailored to the type of violator and the type of rules. Local rules can be effectively enforced when the violator is from the community. Enforcement is more difficult when the violator is from outside the village. Alternative livelihood strategies provide only a small degree of impact on reducing fishing effort if not coupled with effort restriction or limited entry strategies. Community development interventions play an important role in promoting successful conservation strategies. The dynamic nature of the human ecology of coastal communities defies any form of highly predictive cause and effect linkages assumed in most project logic models Since complexity is inherent in the human component of the ecosystem, the uncertainty of human responses to management interventions requires an adaptive and ecosystems-based management approach. ^

Subject Area

Natural Resource Management|Environmental Sciences|Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture

Recommended Citation

Brian R Crawford, "Factors influencing the success of community-based marine protected areas in North Sulawesi Indonesia" (2009). Dissertations and Master's Theses (Campus Access). Paper AAI3401134.
http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI340113